An obscure compound known as pyrophosphite could have been a source of energy that allowed the first life on Earth to form, scientists now say.

From the tiniest bacteria to the complex human body, all living beings require an energy-transporting molecule called ATP to survive. Often likened to a “rechargeable battery,” ATP stores chemical energy in a form that can be used by organic matter.

“You need enzymes to make ATP, and you need ATP to make enzymes,” said researcher Terence Kee of the University of Leeds in England. “The question is: Where did energy come from before either of these two things existed? We think that the answer may lie in simple molecules, such as pyrophosphate, which is chemically very similar to ATP, but has the potential to transfer energy without enzymes.”

Obscure but important

Prior theories for how life emerged from mere chemistry have considered that a similar but separate compound known as pyrophosphate was the predecessor to the more complex yet more efficient ATP.

Phosphate has 4 oxygen atoms bound to a central phosphorus atom, and is present in all living cells. When two phosphates combine and lose a water molecule, they form pyrophosphate.

Pyrophosphite, on the other hand, is rarely encountered, chemist Robert Shapiro at New York University told Livescience. “Even in my Google search for it, I got the query: ‘Don’t you mean pyrophosphate?’”

The presence of “one or two thorny little problems” with its rival molecule [pyrophosphate] had left some unanswered questions, Kee said in a telephone interview.

The two main problems were that pyrophosphate didn’t seem to be available in significant amounts in the geological mineral record, and it doesn’t react well without catalysts (which weren’t around then), according to Kee.

On the other hand, Kee’s team has found that pyrophosphite would be “relatively straightforward to prepare from minerals that are known to exist in iron meteorites.” The routes to the production of this molecule are simpler than those proposed for pyrophosphate, Kee said.

Though similarly produced through dehydration, and similar in composition except that it has some oxygen atoms replaced by hydrogen, pyrophosphite is rare. Only three pyrophosphite minerals exist, compared with “many phosphate minerals,” Kee said.

The chemical’s obscurity on Earth is not a sign of its irrelevance. It’s highly unstable in today’s oxygen-rich environment (meaning it breaks down into other molecules rapidly) but is a superior catalyst (jump-starter) for certain chemical reactions, Kee said, citing as-yet-unpublished evidence.

Lateral thinking

Kee called the altered theory “more a lateral thought process” than a “new concept.”

“It is as little strange that pyrophosphite and its ability to act as a phosphorus-transfer agent have been known for some time but it has not been proposed previously as being of any pre-biotic significance,” he said. “I suspect because noone had considered the need for it or that it may have been accessible pre-biotically.”

Interestingly, machines that manufacture artificial DNA for experiments regularly use pyrophophite in their assembly process, Shapiro said.

The researchers detail their theory on pyrophosphate as life’s first energy source in a recent issue of the journal Chemical Communications.

Best answer:

Answer by Curious Gorge
No, not at all. The bible says that God created man, it did not say how.

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Sting vs AJ Styles

Hermandez vs Eric Young

X Division Championship Ultimate X
Samoa Joe(c) vs Daniels vs Suicide vs The Pope

Monsters Ball Match
Abyss vs Kevin Nash vs Mick Foley vs Rhino

TNA Knockouts Championship
ODB(c) vs Tara vs Awesome Kong

TNA World Tag Team Championship
Booker T & Scott Steiner vs The Motorcity Machine Guns

TNA Knockout Tag Team Championship
The Beautiful People(c) vs Taylor Wilde & Sarita

No.1 Contender for TNA World Tag Team Championship
Team 3D vs Beer Money Inc vs The British Invasion

Best answer:

Answer by AWESOME KONG
Heavyweight Championship:
Kurt Angle(c) v. Bobby Lashley… Kurt Angle wins after interference from the Mafia

X division title: Falls count anywhere No DQ elimination match.
Samoa Joe v. Daniels v. Suicide v. The Pope (aka elijah burke)
Joe wins by pinning suicide.

(assuming the “bounty” storyline doesn’t eliminate Abyss…)
Abyss and Foley v. Kevin Nash and Dr. Stevie in a Monster’s ball tag team match: Abyss wins after blackhole slamming stevie into the tacks for the 3 count.

Knockouts Championship:*if deaner wins i will boycott the knockouts until he loses*

ODB (c)v. Tara v. Awesome Kong
ODB retains after Kong hits the implant buster on Tara but is interfered with by Alissa Flash (formerly Saeed)… thats just a prediction but there could also be a Kong/ Saeed Storyline.

Tag titles: Booker and Steiner vs Lethal Consequences.
Booker and steiner win after an axe kick on creed.

Knockout tag titles: The Beautiful People (c) vs Taylor Wilde and Sarita. Sarita/wilde win after interference from Madison Rayne.

#1 tag contender: 3d v beer money v The British Invasion v. Motorcity machineguns…

Motor city wins…

those are guesses. The Knockout stuff will get better… especially if they signed Jazz.

What do you think? Answer below!

Also, what are those cardboard covers wrapped in? I mean, when I see notebooks or other books that have this cardboard type cover, they are wrapped in a big sticker type thing that is printed on. Can I print on those at home to have a cover for my book?

I know these are really ignorant and stupid sounding questions, but I don’t know the terms for any of this stuff or how they are used. Any help would be MUCH appreciated! I’m totally lost. lol

Best answer:

Answer by BOBO
I don’t know anything about book binding but you can watch these videos about book binding. That way you will probably find a way how to bind the book the way you want to. The link is – http://www.youtube.com/results?search_type=&search_query=book+binding+&aq=f
Hope I helped somehow. Good luck!

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THANK YOU for your help

Best answer:

Answer by Isabella
Heart of Darkness

Give your answer to this question below!

Best answer:

Answer by Lakely
You can buy black ink for your printer cartrige (ink jet) and just print the pages out on that. Go to your local quick print place and get the latest kind of binding done by them… it’s not expensive if you print the pages yourself.

Or go to an office supply place for ring binder equipment… people even sell ring bound books on Amazon… so it’s done rather commonly.

If you want to get fancy, do some artwork and have it copied on a color printer (for your cover)

Have fun and go ahead and list it on Amazon. If you have a great title you might sell a number of copies that will cover your expenses… and who knows… a publisher might see your work and want to give you a real contract.

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I have no idea how to do this, though. Any suggestions? If I could just find out a way to embed the gold text and emblem, I think I could manage, but that’s the most difficult part. How do I do that without an expensive machine?

Best answer:

Answer by FOX News is the best
you create a book with your imagination.

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Best answer:

Answer by dsntmater
Here you go

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Best answer:

Answer by petsnakes
OCR

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_character_recognition

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Best answer:

Answer by Anna
I would do a three-hole punch then use what’s called Loose Leaf Rings in the holes. They’re totally reusable so when your kids get tired of oen book you can use them for another. They come in different sizes too. Here is what the rings are http://www.staples.com/office/supplies/p1_Staples-Loose-Leaf-Rings-1-Size_16104_Business_Supplies_10051_SEARCH

Have fun!

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Best answer:

Answer by Sami V
Look for them in Richmond area!

What do you think? Answer below!